伊兒汗國史中文與外文書目

2018年05月27日潤稿

伊兒汗國或譯作伊利汗國，英文譯作Ilkhanate，兩譯差別在l的漢語對音。伊兒汗國的英譯字僅為1個單字，不過似乎可拆作2個單字，即前面的il與後面的khanate。利用google翻譯可查得伊兒汗國的各國譯文，不過不曉得翻譯結果正不正確（網址：https://translate.google.com.tw/?hl=zh-TW）：

（1）現代漢語（國語）：伊兒汗國

（2）現代漢語（普通話）：伊兒汗國、伊利汗國

（3）現代英文：Ilkhanate　　

（4）現代法文：Ilkhanate

（5）現代俄文：Ilkhanate

（6）現代德文：Ilkhanat

（7）現代蒙古文：Ил Хан улс（Il Khan uls）

（8）現代土耳其文：İlhanlılar

（9）現代保加利亞文：Илханат（Ilkhanat）

除了英文以外，德文、法文、俄文、土耳其文、伊朗法爾西（Farci）文、日文都可能有學者發表過伊兒汗國的研究報刊，因此多知道一些外語名詞是很有用處的。

整理網路上的英文資料解釋Ilkhanate者，一般的看法是這樣：「據說il表國號，意指『次於蒙古大汗』，即伊兒汗臣順於大元大汗；khanate表國體，即『可汗之國』，即伊兒汗所統治的ulus營盤。」

不過查對劉義棠先生《突回研究》（1990年1月，國立政治大學學報叢書編審委員會出版，無ISBN）第9頁，劉義棠先生指出il本為突厥詞，在唐代突厥人中即做為美稱，蒙元時期的伊兒（il）一字，在更早先的突厥語中可對應為「詰利」或「詰」（il、el、al），意思是「部落團體、國家、民族、人民、群眾、民眾」。未審兩說何是，併存待考。

一、中文（中譯）著作

中文書籍談及伊兒汗國的書不多，除了《《伊利汗中國科技珍寶書》校注》是在談中國史之外，其餘與伊兒史有關的盡量彙集如下：

（1）徐良利，《伊兒汗國史研究》，ISBN：9787010084695

（2）程彤，《正統觀念與伊朗什葉派──從旭烈兀到阿巴斯一世之間的伊朗》，ISBN：9787802541412

（3）【瑞典】多桑，《多桑蒙古史》，ISBN：9787506065658

（4）【俄國】皮庫林（等人合著），《蒙古西征研究》，ISBN：9787204130689

（5）【前蘇聯】格列科夫、雅庫博夫斯基（合著），《金帳汗國興衰史》，無ISBN

（6）【英國】C. Edmund Bosworth，《伊斯蘭朝代簡史》，ISBN：9789570530506

前面第（1）～（3）本書或為伊兒汗國專著，或有專章介紹伊兒汗國，大抵內容上對於伊兒晚期的崩潰著墨較少。第（4）本一部分談到第二次長子西征與伊朗地區的征服，屬於伊兒汗國成立之前的歷史。第（5）～（6）則有少量篇幅涉及伊兒汗國的外交或君主譜系，僅能補充部分史事。

二、英文書籍

透過亞馬遜網站（網址：www.amazon.com）查詢，檢得的英文圖書稍多，可補裨中文方面頗缺伊兒史籍的窘境。由於亞馬遜網站的介紹滿不錯的，一併擇要臚列如次：

（1）《Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran》，蒙古帝國、立國於伊朗土地上的伊兒汗國──他們的權力、政治和傳統，Dec 6, 2016，by Michael Hope

亞馬遜簡介：「This study provides a new interpretation of how political authority was conceived and transmitted in the Early Mongol Empire (1227-1259) and its successor state in the Middle East, the Ikhanate (1258-1335). Authority within the Mongol Empire was intimately tied to the character of its founder, Chinggis Khan, whose reign served as an idealized model for the exercise of legitimate authority amongst his political successors.」

（2）《Letter From Mongol Leader to the Sultan of Aleppo (1259)》，蒙古統帥旭烈兀寫給蘇丹的信──阿勒波書信集，Sep 27, 2015，by Hulagu Khan and James Grey Jackson

亞馬遜簡介：「In 1260 Mongol leader Hulagu Khan (c.1218-65) captured the town of Aleppo (in what is now Syria) from the Muslim Ayyubid Dynasty. Just before laying siege to the city, Hulagu (also spelled Hulegu) sent this threatening and derisive letter to the Ayyubid Sultan al-Malik al-Nasir Yusuf.」

（3）The Mongols in the Islamic Lands: Studies in the History of the Ilkhanate (Variorum Collected Studies Series)，伊斯蘭大地上的蒙古國度──伊兒汗國史，Aug 28, 2007，by Reuven Amitai

亞馬遜簡介：「The Mongols had a profound effect on the regions that they ruled in the eastern Muslim world, from the first Mongol invasion in 1219 through the breakup of the Ilkhanate in 1335 and the various, short-lived successor states. The influence of their rule - positive as well as negative - on the peoples of Iran and the neighboring countries can be seen in such diverse areas as demography, economics, art and other types of material culture, intellectual and religious life, military affairs, government, etc……the development of the land-tenure system; the title ilkhan; the use of Arabic sources for the history of the Ilkhanate; the eventual conversion of the Mongols to Islam……」

（4）《Medieval Persia 1040-1797 (A History Of The Near East)》，中世紀的波斯：11世紀到18世紀的近東歷史，Mar 14, 1988，by David Morgan

亞馬遜簡介：「The medieval period of Persia's remarkably continuous, history began with its conquest by the Muslim Arabs in the seventh century AD and gave way to the modern period at the end of the eighteenth century when the influence of the West became pervasive. Without an understanding of the confused legacy of these centuries, no-one can hope to understand the complexities and dynamism of modern Iran. Concise, clear and colourful, David Morgan's book is the best and most up-to-date short account of its subject in the English language.」

（5）《Holy War and Rapprochement: Studies in the Relations between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Ilkhanate (1260-1335)》，埃及奴隸王朝與伊兒汗國之間的戰爭與和談，2013-02-01，by Reuven Amitai

亞馬遜簡介：「The relations between the Mamluk Sultanate of Syria and Egypt and the Ilkhanate, the Mongol state in Iran and the surrounding countries, were of a military, political-diplomatic, social or cultural nature, and they had a profound impact not only on these states themselves, their ruling elites and the general population, but also on neighboring countries and beyond……One can perhaps even speak of a thirteenth century "world war": on one side were arrayed the Mamluks and the Mongol Golden Horde of southern Russia, at times Genoa and the Byzantine empire, and even for a short while the kingdom of Sicily under the Hohenstaufen, while on the other side we find the Ilkhanate, the Venetians (albeit still trading with the Mamluks), the states of western Europe, the Papacy, the Armenians of both the Caucasus and Cilicia, and Georgia.」

（6）《Political and Cultural History of Ilkhanate State: Tarikh-i Siasy wa Farhangi-i Dowlat-i Ilkhanan (Persian Edition)》，伊兒汗國的政治與文化，Dec 29, 2012，by Ahmad Shahvary

此書以伊朗語言撰寫，缺乏中譯與英譯。亞馬遜簡介僅能透露少許訊息：「The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to Buddhism and Christianity. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, embraced Islam. The emergence of Ilkhanate had an important impact in this region. The Mongol Empire had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia. The communications between Ilkhanate and the Yuan Dynasty headquartered in China encouraged this development. The Ilkhanate also helped to pave the way for the later Safavid dynastic state, and ultimately the modern country of Iran. Hulagu's conquests had also opened Iran to Chinese influence from the east. This, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture.」